Nutrition strategies for healthy dry cows

By Blake Jackson

The dry period, when cows take a break from milking before calving, is essential for their health and future milk production. This period allows the udder to recover and prepares the cow for the demands of lactation.

Traditionally seen as a low-stress time, we now recognize dry period management as critical for a smooth transition from pregnancy to milking.

One key aspect of management is the dry period length. Ideally, this lasts between 40 and 60 days. A shorter period can harm udder health and milk yield, while a longer one can lead to over-conditioning, increasing the risk of metabolic problems and reduced fertility.

Nutrition also plays a vital role. During the first five weeks (far-off period), cows receive a low-energy diet to maintain body condition.

In the final three weeks (close-up period), the diet transitions to moderate energy to support rumen health and prepare for lactation.

Additionally, close-up diets may include strategies to prevent calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia) during calving.

Monitoring body condition score (BCS) is crucial. The ideal BCS for dry cows is 3.0 to 3.5 on a 5-point scale. Over-conditioned cows are more prone to metabolic diseases, while cows with optimal BCS during the dry period produce more milk, have better reproductive outcomes, and experience easier calving.

Researchers consider over-conditioned cows, first-time calving cows (nulliparous), and those with calving problems as "high-priority" groups that require closer attention.

Studies are underway to assess the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatments at dry-off for over-conditioned cows, aiming to ease their transition to lactation.

Dry cow management is often underestimated, yet it significantly impacts dairy cow health and profitability. Implementing effective strategies during this period helps prevent inflammation, metabolic stress, and health issues that can hinder performance.

Regularly monitoring BCS allows for timely adjustments to ensure cows maintain optimal nutritional status and avoid weight loss. High-priority cow groups may require additional management strategies to address their specific challenges.

By taking a holistic approach to dry cow management, including proper nutrition, dry period length, dry-off treatments, BCS monitoring, and potentially even anti-inflammatory therapies, dairy producers can optimize cow health and ensure peak performance during lactation.

Photo Credit: gettyimages-jesp62