Best Practices for Handling Down Dairy Cows on Farms

By Blake Jackson

Dairy cows are most vulnerable to becoming non-ambulatory-unable to stand-during the transition period before and after calving, according to Penn State Extension dairy educator Daniela Roland. At the start of lactation, cows experience significant physical and metabolic stress, which increases the risk of health problems.

Common causes include metabolic disorders such as ketosis and hypocalcaemia, infectious conditions like mastitis and metritis, and physical issues including dystocia or leg and hoof injuries. Research suggests that roughly one-third of dairy cows may experience metabolic or infectious illnesses during early lactation.

Cows need to stand periodically to maintain healthy blood circulation in their leg muscles. If a cow remains down for long periods, especially more than 24 hours, the risk of permanent muscle and nerve damage increases.

Pressure on muscles and nerves can lead to tissue death, particularly if the animal is lying on hard surfaces like concrete. Even if the original health problem is treated, secondary damage may prevent the cow from standing again.

When a cow becomes non-ambulatory, producers should quickly consult a veterinarian to determine the cause and decide on appropriate treatment. If the animal cannot sit upright without help or refuses feed and water for more than a day despite treatment, humane euthanasia may need to be considered.

If the cow must be moved, proper equipment such as a sled, rubber mat, or loader bucket should be used. Dragging a cow should never occur.

Once relocated, the cow should be placed in a sheltered, separate area and positioned upright on her chest to prevent bloating and additional injuries. Deep bedding-preferably sand or clean straw-should be provided to protect the animal and improve comfort.

Supportive care can improve recovery chances. This includes regularly rolling the cow from side to side, using hip lifts or slings for support, and in some cases flotation therapy using warm water tanks. Because these situations require quick and coordinated responses, dairy farms should maintain written protocols outlining proper handling, medical care, housing, and monitoring procedures for non-ambulatory animals.

FAQs

• What is a non-ambulatory cow?

A non-ambulatory cow is an animal that cannot stand or walk without assistance.

• When are dairy cows most at risk of becoming non-ambulatory?

The highest risk occurs during the transition period around calving and early lactation.

• What are the common causes of non-ambulatory cows?

Metabolic disorders, infections, calving complications, and leg or hoof injuries are typical causes.

• Why must down cows be moved carefully?

Improper handling can worsen injuries and cause additional muscle or nerve damage.

• What bedding is best for a down cow?

Deep, soft bedding such as sand or straw helps reduce pressure injuries and improves comfort.

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