By Blake Jackson
Soil compaction is a challenge that impacts physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, reducing crop health and yields. Fall, especially during dry conditions, can provide an opportunity to address this problem.
However, before taking action, it is important to determine if compaction exists and how deep it runs.
Compaction can be checked with a soil compaction tester, also called a penetrometer, or by digging up roots to observe growth patterns. Roots growing sideways instead of downward or layers with high resistance indicate compaction. Farmers should note the depth of compaction, since this determines the best tool to use.
When compaction is shallow, around two inches, a no-till drill combined with cover crops may be effective. Cover crops improve soil structure, recycle nutrients, and provide biological remediation.
For medium depths of six to eight inches, a heavy chisel plow can be used. It should have straight points to preserve surface residue and can be combined with a spike-harrow or rolling basket to complete the job in one pass.
For deeper compaction, below 10 to 12 inches, subsoilers are often required. Modern subsoilers minimize soil disturbance at the surface while improving deep root penetration and water movement.
Designs vary, with some creating broad soil fracturing and others producing narrow vertical slots. Special designs like paratill subsoilers with bent-leg shanks improve fracturing with less power while preserving residue cover.
While tillage tools can help, preventing compaction is more effective. Farmers can reduce risks by lowering tire pressure, using tracks, limiting field traffic, monitoring soil moisture before equipment passes, rotating crops with perennials, and keeping living roots in the ground year-round.
Research shows that in well-drained soils, permanent no-till systems can manage compaction effectively without tillage.
By carefully diagnosing compaction and selecting the right strategy, farmers can improve soil health, reduce long-term damage, and support stronger crop growth.
Photo Credit: gettyimages-sasiistock
Categories: Pennsylvania, Crops, Equipment & Machinery, Sustainable Agriculture