Early Lactation Health Events Drive Dairy Farm Losses

By Blake Jackson

Health events remain one of the most persistent challenges facing modern dairy farms. While the incidence of certain conditions, such as milk fever and clinical ketosis, has declined over the past two decades, the proportion of cows experiencing at least one health event within the first 60 days after calving has largely remained unchanged.

This is concerning, as health problems during early lactation have far-reaching consequences for animal welfare, productivity, and farm profitability.

Poor health directly compromises animal welfare, since optimal health is a cornerstone of well-managed dairy systems. Beyond welfare concerns, diseases result in significant economic losses.

Although treatment costs are substantial, the greatest financial impact comes from reduced milk production, impaired fertility, and a higher likelihood of culling. Common conditions like ketosis and lameness can cost farms hundreds of dollars per case, but their long-term effects are even more damaging.

In dairy production, the term “health event” extends beyond traditional diseases. It also includes issues such as dystocia, stillbirths, and twin births, all of which are linked to poorer performance and reduced longevity.

Research shows that approximately 35-40% of U.S. dairy cows experience a health event in the first two months of lactation, underscoring the importance of prevention-focused management.

Health challenges during early lactation typically result in lower feed intake and milk yield, followed by reduced reproductive performance.

While reproductive tract diseases like metritis have long been known to affect fertility, recent research indicates that both uterine and non-uterine diseases negatively influence reproductive outcomes to a similar degree. Cows experiencing multiple health events are at even greater risk.

Given these realities, the industry’s focus has shifted from treating sick animals to preventing disease through proactive management. Practices such as proper nutrition, adequate space, and clean, comfortable facilities especially during the transition period are essential.

When prevention is not immediately achievable, targeted reproductive management and careful breeding decisions are critical to minimizing long-term losses and improving herd performance.

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