How to Establish and Manage Alfalfa for Grazing Success

By Blake Jackson

Grazing alfalfa is not widely practiced in Pennsylvania, even though it has been used extensively in grazing systems in other countries. Traditionally, alfalfa grazing in the state has been limited to late fall clean-up grazing, but interest is increasing. Successful alfalfa grazing requires strong management and planning.

Establishing Alfalfa

Alfalfa should be established the same way as when grown for hay or silage. Plant on well-drained soil and follow soil test recommendations for lime, phosphorus, and potassium. Select a high-yielding variety with strong insect and disease resistance and use certified seed.

Before planting, inoculate seed with fresh alfalfa inoculant. Alfalfa should be planted shallow no deeper than ¼ inch in heavier soils or ½ inch in lighter soils and placed into a firm seedbed using a drill, seeder, or broadcasting followed by packing.

Grazing Management

Rotational grazing is essential to protect plant health and optimize forage use. Systems typically include six to eight paddocks sized according to herd needs, with animals moved every four days or less.

Over time, stocking rates may increase as stands mature and producer experience improves. However, stocking density must be reduced when plant growth slows, such as during midsummer.

Avoiding both overgrazing and undergrazing is crucial. Overgrazing forces animals to eat lower-quality stems and can injure crowns. Undergrazing results in coarse, less palatable plants, requiring clipping to reset growth. Sacrifice paddocks containing grass can be used during wet weather or when rest periods are needed.

Seasonal Use

Alfalfa may be grazed in spring, summer, fall, or throughout the entire growing season. Spring grazing helps delay hay harvest, while summer grazing can be ideal during drought. Fall grazing is useful but should stop at least five to six weeks before a killing frost, leaving a minimum four-inch stubble height.

Preventing Bloat

Young, lush alfalfa increases the risk of animal bloat. Management strategies include gradually introducing livestock, feeding dry forage beforehand, and monitoring animals closely. Poloxalene supplements can also reduce risk. More mature alfalfa is less likely to cause digestive issues, making timing another key factor in safe grazing.

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